Shrinkage in 100% cotton fabric occurs due to the relaxation of tension applied to the fibers during manufacturing processes like spinning, weaving, and finishing. This relaxation is exacerbated by exposure to heat and moisture, typically experienced during washing and drying. The extent of this dimensional change can vary between 2% and 5%, translating to a potential reduction of up to two inches in a 40-inch piece of fabric. For example, a large cotton t-shirt could shrink noticeably shorter and slightly narrower after its first wash.
Understanding potential shrinkage is crucial for various applications, from garment construction and home sewing to industrial textile production. Accurate prediction and management of shrinkage minimize ill-fitting clothing, ensure proper drape and fit in furnishings, and reduce waste in manufacturing. Historically, consumers compensated for shrinkage by purchasing larger sizes or pre-washing fabric. Modern textile technologies and finishing processes offer pre-shrunk options, though understanding the potential for residual shrinkage remains valuable.